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development rates

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1 темпы развития

1) General subject: pace of development

2) Economy: rate of growth

3) Diplomatic term: development rate

4) Advertising: development rates

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > темпы развития
2 темп

pace, rate, tempo

замедлять темпы — to slacken the pace, to slow down

работать форсированными темпами — to work at high pressure / speed

ускорять темпы — to quicken the pace

высокие темпы роста доходов — high growth rates of the incomes

высокие темпы экономического развития — high rates of economic growth

недостаточные темпы — insufficient rates

низкие темпы роста производства — low rates of production growth

ударный темп — high tempo

экономически возможный темп (роста) — economically possible rate

устойчивые темпы экономического развития — stable rates of economic development

снижение темпов — slowdown

темпы инфляции — inflation rate

снизить темпы инфляции — to bring down / to lower the inflation rate

темпы прироста — growth rates

темпы прироста национального дохода — rates of increase in / of the national income

низкие темпы прироста населения — low rates of population growth

темп развития — rate of development / growth

общие темпы развития — overall development rate

темпы развития замедлились — development rate fell

темпы роста — growth rate; (экономики) expansion rate

гарантированные темпы роста — warranted rate of growth

запланированные темпы роста — target rate

намеченные темпы роста — growth target

опережающие темпы роста — priority growth rates

расти опережающими темпми роста — to grow at priority rates

темп роста капиталовложений — investment rate

темпы экономического роста — economy's growth rate

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > темп
3 Economy

   Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.

   For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.

   Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.

   Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.

   During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.

   After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    See also Empire, Portuguese overseas.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy
4 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
5 adquisición

f.

acquisition, buy, purchase, acquirement.

* * *

adquisición

► nombre femenino

1 acquisition (compra) buy, purchase

* * *

noun f.

1) acquisition

2) purchase

* * *

SF

1) (=compra) acquisition, purchase

he hecho unas nuevas adquisiciones — I've made some new acquisitions o purchases

una casa de reciente adquisición — a newly-purchased house
oferta
2) (=artículo comprado) acquisition

una de las mejores adquisiciones del museo — one of the museum's finest acquisitions

este televisor ha sido una buena adquisición — the television has been a good buy

3) (=persona) acquisition

la última adquisición del Atlético — Atlético's latest signing o acquisition

la cocinera ha sido una auténtica adquisición — * the cook is a real find *

4) [de conocimientos, datos] acquisition

problemas en la adquisición de un idioma extranjero — problems in foreign language acquisition

5) [de costumbres] adoption

* * *

femenino

a) (objeto, cosa) acquisition

fue una buena adquisición — it was a good buy

b) ( acción) acquisition

es de reciente adquisición — it is a recent acquisition o purchase

la adquisición de la casa — the purchase of the house

* * *

= accession, acquisition, acquisition, procurement, purchase, elicitation, buy-in, getting.

Ex. Subject to local circumstances, the size of a reserve store should be limited to the accommodation required for about five years' accessions at current rates.

Ex. Almost inevitably then, many libraries will have acquisitions for which records are not available in a centralised cataloguing service.

Ex. Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.

Ex. In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.

Ex. These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.

Ex. Procedures of knowledge elicitation are described.

Ex. The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.

Ex. I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.

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* adquisición cooperativa = cooperative acquisition.

* adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.

* adquisición en línea = online acquisition.

* adquisición gratuita = free acquisition.

* adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.

* adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.

* adquisición por legado = bequest acquisition.

* adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.

* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.

* Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).

* basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.

* bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.

* centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.

* condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.

* condiciones de adquisición y = terms of availability and/or price.

* control de adquisiciones = acquisition control.

* departamento de adquisiciones = acquisitions department.

* fichero de adquisiciones = acquisition(s) file.

* lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.

* lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.

* módulo de adquisiciones = acquisitions system, acquisitions module.

* Módulo de Adquisiciones y Pedidos = Acquisitions and Ordering System.

* número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.

* plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.

* plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.

* política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.

* presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.

* presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.

* Programa Nacional para las Adquisiciones y la Catalogación (NPAC) = National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging (NPAC).

* sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.

* servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.

* * *

femenino

a) (objeto, cosa) acquisition

fue una buena adquisición — it was a good buy

b) ( acción) acquisition

es de reciente adquisición — it is a recent acquisition o purchase

la adquisición de la casa — the purchase of the house

* * *

= accession, acquisition, acquisition, procurement, purchase, elicitation, buy-in, getting.

Ex: Subject to local circumstances, the size of a reserve store should be limited to the accommodation required for about five years' accessions at current rates.

Ex: Almost inevitably then, many libraries will have acquisitions for which records are not available in a centralised cataloguing service.

Ex: Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.

Ex: In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.

Ex: These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.

Ex: Procedures of knowledge elicitation are described.

Ex: The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.

Ex: I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.

* adquisición cooperativa = cooperative acquisition.

* adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.

* adquisición en línea = online acquisition.

* adquisición gratuita = free acquisition.

* adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.

* adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.

* adquisición por legado = bequest acquisition.

* adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.

* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.

* Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).

* basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.

* bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.

* centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.

* condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.

* condiciones de adquisición y = terms of availability and/or price.

* control de adquisiciones = acquisition control.

* departamento de adquisiciones = acquisitions department.

* fichero de adquisiciones = acquisition(s) file.

* lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.

* lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.

* módulo de adquisiciones = acquisitions system, acquisitions module.

* Módulo de Adquisiciones y Pedidos = Acquisitions and Ordering System.

* número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.

* plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.

* plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.

* política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.

* presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.

* presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.

* Programa Nacional para las Adquisiciones y la Catalogación (NPAC) = National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging (NPAC).

* sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.

* servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.

* * *

adquisición

feminine

1 (objeto, cosa) acquisition

¿has visto mi última adquisición? have you seen my latest acquisition o purchase?

la última adquisición de los Lakers ( Dep) the Lakers' latest acquisition

este coche ha sido una buena adquisición this car was a good buy

2

(acción): la adquisición de la casa the purchase of the house

la adquisición de la lengua materna acquisition of the mother tongue

el Picasso es de reciente adquisición the Picasso is a recent acquisition o purchase

Compuesto:

adquisición apalancada

leveraged buyout

* * *

adquisición sustantivo femenino
acquisition;
( compra) purchase
adquisición sustantivo femenino
1 acquisition
2 (compra) buy, purchase
' adquisición' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
OPA
English:
acquisition
- takeover bid
- accession
- purchase
- take

* * *

adquisición nf

1. [compra] purchase;

ayudas para la adquisición de viviendas financial assistance for house buyers

2. [de empresa] takeover

3. [cosa comprada] purchase;

nuestra casa fue una excelente adquisición our house was an excellent buy

4. [de hábito, cultura] acquisition;

adquisición de conocimientos acquisition of knowledge

Comp
Ling adquisición lingüística language acquisition
5. Fam [persona]
el nuevo secretario es toda una adquisición the new secretary is quite a find

* * *

adquisición

f acquisition;

hacer una buena adquisición make a good purchase;

gastos de adquisición acquisition costs;

adquisición de clientes client acquisition

* * *

adquisición nf, pl - ciones

1) : acquisition

2) compra: purchase

Spanish-English dictionary > adquisición
6 курс

1) (направление) course, policy, line

взять курс на подъём чего-л. — to take the course / the path of raising smth.

держать курс на всестороннее развитие — to orient oneself to comprehensive development (of)

избрать курс — to adopt a course

изменять свой курс — to alter / to change one's course

намечать курс — to map out / to mark out a course; (в общих чертах) to outline a course

начертать курс — to chart a course (for)

отказаться от (проводимого) курса — to turn away from the line

отклоняться от курса — to swerve from one's course

придерживаться курса — to adhere / to stick to a policy / a course

проводить курс — to conduct / to pursue a policy, to hold / to pursue / to take a line, to steer / to tread a course

следовать курсом — to pursue / to follow the course

смягчить курс — to soften the line

ужесточить курс — to harden the line

авантюристический курс — adventurist(ic) policy, policy of adventure

внешнеполитический курс — foreign policy, foreign policy course

определить альтернативный внешнеполитический курс — to define an alternative foreign policy

провозгласить свой внешнеполитический курс — to proclaim one's foreign policy

разработать новый внешнеполитический курс — to evolve a new foreign policy

самостоятельный внешнеполитический курс — independent (line of) foreign policy

переориентация внешнеполитического курса — reorientation of foreign policy

эффективность внешнеполитического курса — effectiveness of foreign policy

внутриполитический курс — home-policy course

гегемонистский курс — hegemonistic course

генеральный курс — general line / course

жёсткий курс — hard / tough line, tough policy

проводить жёсткий курс в отношении страны — to take a strong / a hard line with a country

сторонник жёсткого курса — hard-liner

несговорчивый / упрямый сторонник жёсткого курса — intractable hard-liner

конфронтационный курс — confrontation course

милитаристский курс — militarist course / policy

независимый курс — independent course / policy

искажать / фальсифицировать политический курс — to falsify a policy

круто изменить политический курс — to reverse a policy

намечать политический курс — to shape a policy

сформулировать политический курс — to enunciate / to set out a policy

открытый политический курс — overt policy

официальный политический курс — official policy

позитивный / положительный политический курс — positive policy

согласованный политический курс — coordinated policy

чёткий политический курс — clear-cut policy

выработка политического курса — policy-making

изменение политического курса — policy shift

сторонник политического курса партии — party-liner

последовательный курс — consistent course

разумный курс — common-sense course

проводить разумный курс — to steer a common-sense course

стратегический курс — strategic course

твёрдый курс — firm course

умеренный курс — moderate line, middle-of-the road course

курс на затягивание чего-л. — policy of dragging out smth. курс на конфронтацию collision course курс на оздоровление / улучшение отношений course toward(s) improving relations

курс на "прямое противоборство" — policy of "direct confrontation"

курс на развитие личных контактов — person-to-person diplomacy

курс на разоружение — course for disarmament

курс на сегрегацию без каких-л. отступлений — hard-line segregationist platform

курс партии — party line, party's policy

курс перестройки экономики — course for reorganization / restructuring of the economy

приверженец устарелого курса — diehard

сторонник либерального курса — dove разг.

2) эк. course, rate, quotation exchange

играть на повышение курса — to be bullish, to go a bull

играть на понижение курса — to be bearish, to go bear

биржевой курс — exchange / market quotation, share price

средние биржевые курсы — market averages

валютный курс, курс валюты — (foreign) exchange rate, course / par / rate of exchange, exchange

отменить поддержку валютного курса — to unpeg the exchange rate

валютные курсы в Лондоне — London rates

выгодный валютный курс — profitable rate of exchange, favourable exchange

высокий валютный курс — high rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

гибкий валютный курс — flexible exchange rate / rate of exchange

двойной валютный курс — double exchange rate / rate of exchange

действующий / эффективный валютный курс — effective exchange rate / rate of exchange

завышенный валютный курс — overvalued rate of exchange

заключительный валютный курс — closing rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

закреплённый валютный курс — fixed rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

искусственно поддерживаемый валютный курс — pegged rate (of exchange) / exchange

колеблющийся валютный курс — floating / fluctuating / free exchange rate, variable exchange

единый / унифицированный колеблющийся валютный курс — unitary floating rate of exchange

контрактный валютный курс — exchange rate stipulated in the contract

множественные валютные курсы — multiple exchange rates

наличный валютный курс — current rate of exchange / exchange rate

начальный валютный курс — opening rate of exchange / exchange rate

неодинаковые / различные валютные курсы — different rates of exchange / exchange rates

неподдерживаемый / нерегулируемый валютный курс — unpegged rate of exchange / exchange rate

неустойчивый валютный курс — variable exchange rate / rate of exchange

номинальный валютный курс (в отличие от рыночного) — nominal exchange

обменный валютный курс — exchange rate, rate of exchange

неустойчивость обменных валютных курсов — uncertainty of the exchange rates

официально объявленный / официальный валютный курс (установленный центральным банком) — official rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

паритетный валютный курс — exchange rate parity

плавающий валютный курс — floating rate of exchange / exchange rate, float

вводить плавающий / свободно колеблющийся валютный курс — to float

повышенный валютный курс — higher rate of exchange / exchange rate

пониженный валютный курс — reduced rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

принудительный курс валюты — forced rate of exchange

свободный валютный курс — free rate of exchange / exchange rate

справочный валютный курс — posted rate of exchange / exchange

твёрдый / фиксированный валютный курс — fixed exchange rate / rate of exchange

текущий рыночный валютный курс — going market rate of exchange / exchange rate

центральный валютный курс (не основанный на паритете Международного валютного фонда) — central rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

введение нового соотношения / новой системы валютных курсов — exchange rate alignment

выравнивание валютных курсов — exchange rate realignment

расчёт валютного курса — (exchange) rate calculation, calculation of exchange

движение / динамика валютных курсов — exchange rate movements, movement in the exchange rate

изменение валютного курса — changes in the exchange rate

колебание валютного курса — fluctuation in the exchange rate

размах колебаний валютного курса, пределы отклонений валютного курса от паритета — fluctuation band

курс валюты — см. валюта

курс валюты на срок — time rate of exchange

манипуляция курсом валют — manipulation of exchange rates

курс иностранной валюты — exchange rate

неустойчивый курс иностраннной валюты — fluctuant foreign exchange rate, variable exchange

колебания курса иностранной валюты — exchange fluctuations

множественность валютных курсов — multiplicity of change

неустойчивость валютных курсов — instability of exchange rates

основа валютного курса — basis for the exchange rate

падение валютного курса — fall in the exchange rate / in exchange

повышение валютного курса — rise in the exchange rate

понижение валютного курса — decline in the exchange rate

поправки на валютный курс — exchange adjustments

различие в валютных курсах — difference of exchange (rates)

система стабильных валютных курсов — par value (exchange) rates

денежный курс — currency exchange rate

эмиссионный курс — rate of issue

курс акций — stock exchange; stock price амер.

преднамеренно вздувать курс акций до неоправданно высокого уровня — to kite the stocks

ежедневно / еженедельно публикуемый курс акций — daily / weekly average

курс бумажных денег при инфляции — rate of paper money during inflation

курс для пересчёта валют — exchange rate

курс дня (иностранной валюты) — exchange / rate of the day

купить валюту по курсу дня — to buy currency at the rate of the day

курс доллара — dollar rate

падение курса доллара (по отношению к евро) — the dollar's fall (against the euro)

курс на день платежа — rate on the day of payment

курс облигаций — bond rate

курс при закрытии банка / биржи / рынка — closing rate

курс при открытии банка / биржи / рынка — opening rate

курс рубля — rouble rate

курс фунта стерлингов — sterling rate

курс ценных бумаг — rate of securities, price

искусственно вздувать курсы ценных бумаг — to rig the market

продавать ценные бумаги по более высокому курсу — to sell securities at a higher rate

согласованный (в ходе переговоров) курс ценных бумаг — negotiated price

твёрдый / устойчивый курс ценных бумаг — firm price

умеренно снижающийся курс ценных бумаг — sagging price

курс, предлагаемый покупателем ценных бумаг — bid price

курс, предлагаемый продавцом ценных бумаг — asked price

3)

быть в курсе — to know all about it

быть в курсе политики — to be well informed / versed in politics

ввести в курс дела — to bring (smb.) up to date

держать в курсе дела — to keep (someone) informed

держать курс на — to head for

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > курс
7 Entwicklung

Entwicklung f 1. COMP development; 2. GEN advancement; evolution (Ertrag); 3. IND development; 4. V&M development (eines Produkts); 5. WIWI development
* * *

f 1. < Comp> development; 2. < Geschäft> advancement, Ertrag evolution; 3. < Ind> development; 4. <V&M> eines Produkts development; 5. <Vw> development

* * *
Entwicklung
development, progress, growth, devolution, (Tendenz) trend, tendency;
• noch in der Entwicklung in the shell, in its infancy;
• lang anhaltende Entwicklung secular trend;
• berufliche Entwicklung professional growth, career development;
• betriebliche Entwicklung organization development;
• binnenwirtschaftliche Entwicklung trends in the domestic economy;
• defizitäre Entwicklung trend towards a deficit;
• ungünstige demographische Entwicklung unfavo(u)rable demographic trend;
• exportbedingte Entwicklung export-led growth;
• fortschrittliche Entwicklung march of progress;
• industrielle Entwicklung industry trend;
• kassenmäßige Entwicklung cash position;
• konjunkturelle Entwicklung cyclical (economic) trend, development of business tendencies;
• kundenspezifische Entwicklung custom-made development;
• langfristige Entwicklung long-term development;
• marktbestimmende Entwicklungen governing market trends;
• nachhaltige Entwicklung sustainable development;
• rückläufige Entwicklung recession, (Börse) downward trend;
• schrittweise Entwicklung step-by-step development;
• soziale Entwicklung sozial evolution;
• städtebauliche Entwicklung urban development, town (city, US) planning;
• technische Entwicklung engineering development;
• technologische Entwicklung technological progress, development in technology;
• umweltgerechte Entwicklung environmental development;
• volkswirtschaftliche Entwicklung economic process;
• wirtschaftliche Entwicklung commercial (economic) development, economic growth;
• zollpolitische Entwicklung tariff development;
• zukünftige Entwicklung future trend;
• Entwicklung des Arbeitskräftepotenzials development of human resources;
• Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes development of the job market;
• Entwicklung einer aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik development of an active labo(u)r market policy;
• Entwicklungen des Bankwesens trends in banking;
• sprunghafte Entwicklung auf dem Börsenmarkt erratic development on the stock market;
• Entwicklung einer freien Bürgergesellschaft development of a free society;
• Entwicklung des Einkommens growth in income;
• Entwicklung der Einlagen development of deposits;
• Entwicklung eines Fonds devolution of a fund;
• unkontrollierte Entwicklung des Fremdenverkehrs uncontrolled tourism development;
• Entwicklung des Geldmarktes tendency of the money market;
• Entwicklung eines Geschäfts growth of a business;
• Entwicklung der Infrastruktur infrastructure development;
• Entwicklung des Internet-Handels development of Internet business;
• ungesunde Entwicklung der Konjunktur unsound trend of the market;
• Entwicklung der Löhne wage development;
• Entwicklung der Preispolitik pricing policy formation;
• Entwicklung eines Produkts im Markt product history;
• rückläufige Entwicklung der Produktivitätsgewinne slowing in productivity gains;
• Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums rural development;
• Entwicklung der europäischen Sozialpolitik development of European social policy;
• industrielle Entwicklung einer Stadt urban economics;
• rapide Entwicklung einer Stadt boom of a town;
• Entwicklung eines Unternehmens company progress;
• Entwicklung von Verarbeitungs- und Vermarktungsstrukturen development of processing and marketing structures;
• Entwicklung neuer Verkaufsmöglichkeiten development selling;
• Entwicklung der Volkswirtschaft economic growth (performance);
• Entwicklung zur Wohngegend residential development;
• Entwicklung des Wohnungsbaus housing development;
• rückwärtige Entwicklung der Zinsgefälle downturn in interest rates;
• Entwicklung der Ereignisse abwarten to wait for the cat to jump;
• sich auf die neue Entwicklung einstellen to adjust to new developments;
• mit der modernen Entwicklung Schritt halten to keep pace with modern invention;
• mit der allgemeinen Entwicklung der Volkswirtschaft nicht Schritt halten to be out of phase with the national economy;
• Entwicklung der öffentlichen Meinung erkennen lassen to mark the trend of public opinion;
• Entwicklung von Anwendungen unterstützen (Computer) to support the development of applications;
• die inflationelle Entwicklung vorantreiben to make inflation worse;
• zukünftige Entwicklungen voraussagen to predict future developments;
• Entwicklung des Wohnungsmarktes vorherbestimmen to take the measure of the housing market.

Business german-english dictionary > Entwicklung
8 impuesto1

¹ = levy, tariff, tax burden, tax [taxes, -pl.], levy tax, tribute.

Ex. These 'own resources' comprise agricultural and sugar levies, customs duties and a percentage of value added tax (VAT).

Ex. Print charges are usually charged per reference retrieved with online and offline prints often attracting different tariffs.

Ex. Even with Groome's effort to ease tax burden pressures on individual property owners through industrial development, the tax rate is very steep.

Ex. Financed with taxes voted by the county and with state and federal aid, the central library maintains eight branch libraries and three bookmobiles.

Ex. Excluded is the 1% levy tax which will be added to invoice upon check-out = No está incluido un 1% de canon que se añadirá al abonar la factura al final de la estancia.

Ex. In this case, after collecting tributes from places that could be reached by sea, the commander of the expedition marched inland.

----

* aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.

* aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.

* costeado con los impuestos = tax-supported.

* devolución de impuestos = tax rebate.

* dinero procedente de los impuestos = tax money (tax monies).

* distintivo de impuesto de circulación = road tax disc.

* estar exento de pagar impuestos = write off.

* evasión de impuestos = tax evasion.

* exención de impuestos = tax exemption.

* gravar con impuestos = tax.

* impuesto a la herencia = inheritance tax.

* impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = rates.

* impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = local rates, council tax, local tax rates, tax rates, local taxes, property tax, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* impuesto de bienes y servicios = goods and services tax.

* impuesto de circulación = road tax.

* impuesto de importación = import levy.

* impuesto del timbre = stamp duty.

* impuesto de sucesión = inheritance tax.

* impuesto de ventas = sales tax.

* impuesto municipal = city tax.

* impuestos = taxation, income tax.

* impuestos locales = local taxes.

* impuestos municipales = local tax rates, rates, local taxes.

* impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.

* impuesto sobre el patrimonio = wealth tax.

* impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) = value added tax (VAT).

* impuesto sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria = property tax.

* impuesto sobre la renta = income tax.

* impuesto sobre las ganancias = profit(s) tax.

* impuesto sobre las ventas = sales tax.

* impuesto sobre sucesiones = inheritance tax.

* impuesto sucesorio = inheritance tax.

* ingresos procedentes de los impuestos = tax revenues, income tax revenue.

* libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.

* mantenido con los impuestos = tax-supported.

* pagar impuestos = pay + taxes.

* persona que paga impuestos = taxpayer [tax-payer].

* poner impuestos = impose + VAT.

* recaudador de impuestos = tax collector.

* reducción de impuestos = tax cut.

* reducir los impuestos = cut + taxes.

* sin impuestos = duty-free, tax-free.

* subir los impuestos = push + taxes.

* sujeto a impuestos = taxable.

* tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.

Spanish-English dictionary > impuesto1
9 impuesto

m.

tax, fine, levy, tariff.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: imponer.

* * *

impuesto

► nombre masculino

1 tax, duty

————————

impuesto

► participio pasado

1→ link=imponer imponer

► nombre masculino impuesto

1 tax, duty

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

impuesto revolucionario protection money (paid to a terrorist organization)

impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) value added tax (VAT)

impuesto sobre la renta income tax

tienda libre de impuestos duty-free shop

* * *

noun m.

tax, duty

* * *

1.

PP de imponer

2.

ADJ

estar impuesto en — to be well versed in

estar o quedar impuesto de — to be informed about

3.

SM [al estado] tax ( sobre on)
[en operaciones de compraventa] duty ( sobre on) levy ( sobre on)
impuestos — taxes, taxation sing

antes de impuestos — pre-tax

beneficios antes de impuestos — pre-tax profits

¿cuánto ganas antes de impuestos? — how much do you earn before tax?

libre de impuestos — [inversión, mercancías] tax-free; [bebida, perfume, tabaco] duty-free

sujeto a impuesto — taxable

impuesto al valor agregado — value added tax

impuesto comunitario — community tax

impuesto de actividades económicas — business tax

impuesto de bienes inmuebles — property tax

impuesto de circulación — road tax

impuesto del timbre — stamp duty

impuesto de lujo — luxury tax

impuesto de plusvalía — capital gains tax

impuesto de radicación — property tax

impuesto de sociedades — corporation tax

impuesto de transferencia de capital — capital transfer tax

impuesto de venta — sales tax

impuesto directo — direct tax

impuesto ecológico — eco-tax, green tax

impuesto revolucionario — protection money paid to terrorists

impuesto sobre apuestas — betting tax

impuesto sobre bienes inmuebles — property tax

impuesto sobre el capital — capital levy

Impuesto sobre (el) Valor Añadido, Impuesto sobre (el) Valor Agregado — LAm Value Added Tax

impuesto sobre espectáculos — entertainment tax

impuesto sobre la propiedad — property tax, rate (EEUU)

impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas — income tax

impuesto sobre la riqueza — wealth tax

impuesto sobre los bienes heredados — inheritance tax, estate duty

impuesto verde — green tax

* * *
I
- ta adjetivo

1) ( informado)

estar impuesto en or de algo — to be well informed about something

2) (Méx fam) ( acostumbrado)

estar impuesto a algo — to be used to something
II
masculino tax

evasión de impuestos — tax evasion

libre de impuestos — tax-free, duty-free

- impuesto a or sobre la renta

- impuesto al or sobre el valor agregado or añadido

- impuesto de circulación/lujo

* * *
I
- ta adjetivo

1) ( informado)

estar impuesto en or de algo — to be well informed about something

2) (Méx fam) ( acostumbrado)

estar impuesto a algo — to be used to something
II
masculino tax

evasión de impuestos — tax evasion

libre de impuestos — tax-free, duty-free

- impuesto a or sobre la renta

- impuesto al or sobre el valor agregado or añadido

- impuesto de circulación/lujo

* * *

impuesto¹

¹ = levy, tariff, tax burden, tax [taxes, -pl.], levy tax, tribute.

Ex: These 'own resources' comprise agricultural and sugar levies, customs duties and a percentage of value added tax (VAT).

Ex: Print charges are usually charged per reference retrieved with online and offline prints often attracting different tariffs.

Ex: Even with Groome's effort to ease tax burden pressures on individual property owners through industrial development, the tax rate is very steep.

Ex: Financed with taxes voted by the county and with state and federal aid, the central library maintains eight branch libraries and three bookmobiles.

Ex: Excluded is the 1% levy tax which will be added to invoice upon check-out = No está incluido un 1% de canon que se añadirá al abonar la factura al final de la estancia.

Ex: In this case, after collecting tributes from places that could be reached by sea, the commander of the expedition marched inland.

* aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.

* aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.

* costeado con los impuestos = tax-supported.

* devolución de impuestos = tax rebate.

* dinero procedente de los impuestos = tax money (tax monies).

* distintivo de impuesto de circulación = road tax disc.

* estar exento de pagar impuestos = write off.

* evasión de impuestos = tax evasion.

* exención de impuestos = tax exemption.

* gravar con impuestos = tax.

* impuesto a la herencia = inheritance tax.

* impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = rates.

* impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = local rates, council tax, local tax rates, tax rates, local taxes, property tax, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* impuesto de bienes y servicios = goods and services tax.

* impuesto de circulación = road tax.

* impuesto de importación = import levy.

* impuesto del timbre = stamp duty.

* impuesto de sucesión = inheritance tax.

* impuesto de ventas = sales tax.

* impuesto municipal = city tax.

* impuestos = taxation, income tax.

* impuestos locales = local taxes.

* impuestos municipales = local tax rates, rates, local taxes.

* impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.

* impuesto sobre el patrimonio = wealth tax.

* impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) = value added tax (VAT).

* impuesto sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria = property tax.

* impuesto sobre la renta = income tax.

* impuesto sobre las ganancias = profit(s) tax.

* impuesto sobre las ventas = sales tax.

* impuesto sobre sucesiones = inheritance tax.

* impuesto sucesorio = inheritance tax.

* ingresos procedentes de los impuestos = tax revenues, income tax revenue.

* libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.

* mantenido con los impuestos = tax-supported.

* pagar impuestos = pay + taxes.

* persona que paga impuestos = taxpayer [tax-payer].

* poner impuestos = impose + VAT.

* recaudador de impuestos = tax collector.

* reducción de impuestos = tax cut.

* reducir los impuestos = cut + taxes.

* sin impuestos = duty-free, tax-free.

* subir los impuestos = push + taxes.

* sujeto a impuestos = taxable.

* tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.

impuesto²

² = enforced.

Ex: Cost cutting by government has resulted in enforced staff reductions.

* impuesto por uno mismo = self-imposed.

* * *

impuesto¹ -ta

adjective

A (informado) estar impuesto ENor DE algo to be well versed IN sth, be well informed ABOUT sth

está muy impuesto en los asuntos del Oriente Medio he is very well versed in o well informed about o ( colloq) well up on Middle Eastern affairs

B ( Méx fam) (acostumbrado) estar impuesto A algo; to be used TO sth

estaba impuesta a madrugar todos los días she was used to getting up early every day

ver tb imponer

impuesto²

masculine

tax

el impuesto al tabaco the tax on tobacco

evasión de impuestos tax evasion

libre de impuestos tax-free, duty-free

Compuestos:

● impuesto al activo

( Méx) wealth tax

● impuesto a or sobre la renta (de las personas físicas)

income tax

● impuesto al or sobre el valor agregado

value-added tax

● impuesto al or sobre el valor añadido

value-added tax

● impuesto ambiental

environmental tax

● impuesto de actividades económicas

business tax

● impuesto de circulación

road tax

● impuesto de lujo

luxury tax

● impuesto de rodaje

road tax

● impuesto de sociedades

corporation tax

● impuesto directo

direct tax

● impuesto indirecto

indirect tax

● impuesto predial

(Col, Méx) property tax

● impuesto revolucionario

protection money ( paid to terrorist organization)

● impuesto sobre beneficios extraordinarios

windfall tax

● impuesto sobre bienes inmuebles

( Esp) property tax

* * *

Del verbo imponer: ( conjugate imponer)

impuesto es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
imponer
impuesto
imponer ( conjugate imponer) verbo transitivo (frml)
a) to impose (frml);

◊ le impusieron una pena de un año de cárcel he was sentenced to one year in prison

b) ‹ respeto› to command;

‹ temor› to inspire, instill^{( conjugate instill)}
c) ‹ moda› to set

imponerse verbo pronominal
1
a) ( refl) ‹horario/meta› to set oneself

b) [ idea] to become established

c) [color/estilo] to come into fashion

2 ( hacerse respetar) to assert oneself o one's authority
3 (frml) ( vencer) to win;
◊ se impondrá el sentido común common sense will prevail

impuesto sustantivo masculino
tax;
◊ libre de impuestos tax-free, duty-free;

impuesto a or sobre la renta income tax;
impuesto de circulación road tax
imponer verbo transitivo
1 to impose: impuso su criterio contra el de todos, she imposed her viewpoint over that of others
2 (sobrecoger) to be impressive: la visión de la sangre le impone mucho, he can't stand the sight of blood
(suscitar respeto) to inspire respect
3 Fin to deposit
impuesto,-a
I m Fin tax
impuesto de lujo, luxury tax
impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas (IRPF), income tax
impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA), value added tax (VAT)
evasión de impuestos, tax evasion
libre de impuestos, tax-free
II adjetivo imposed

' impuesto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aduana
- carga
- contribución
- gravamen
- impuesta
- IRPF
- IVA
- lujo
- supresión
- tasa
- tributo
- arancel
- catastro
- cumplir
- declaración
- entrada
- gravar
- impago
- municipal
- patente
- suprimir
English:
capital gains tax
- deduction
- duty
- excise tax
- immune
- imposition
- income tax
- increase
- levy
- luxury
- sales tax
- stamp-duty
- tax
- value added tax
- VAT
- income
- property
- road
- television
- value

* * *

impuesto, -a

♦ participio
ver imponer
♦ nm

tax;

pagar impuestos to pay tax o taxes;

ganamos cinco millones antes de impuestos we earned five million before tax;

beneficios antes de impuestos pre-tax profits;

libre de impuestos [alcohol, cigarrillos] tax-free, duty-free

Comp
impuesto sobre actividades económicas = Spanish tax paid by professionals and shop owners;
impuesto adicional surtax;

impuesto sobre el capital capital tax;

impuesto de circulación road tax;

impuesto complementario surtax;

impuesto al consumo tax on consumption;

impuesto directo direct tax;

impuesto ecológico ecotax, green tax;

impuesto extraordinario emergency tax;

impuesto indirecto indirect tax;

impuesto de lujo luxury tax;

impuesto de matriculación = tax paid on a new car;

impuesto municipal local tax;

impuesto sobre el patrimonio wealth tax;

impuesto sobre plusvalías capital gains tax;

impuesto progresivo progressive tax;

impuesto sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria property tax;
Fig impuesto de protección protection money;
impuesto sobre la renta (de las personas físicas) income tax;
Fig impuesto revolucionario revolutionary tax, = protection money paid by businessmen to terrorists;
impuesto de sociedades corporation tax;

impuesto de sucesión inheritance tax;

impuesto sobre sucesiones inheritance tax;
Am impuesto al valor agregado, Esp impuesto sobre el valor añadido Br VAT, US ≈ sales tax
* * *

impuesto

I part → imponer

II m tax

* * *

impuesto pp imponer

impuesto nm

: tax

* * *

impuesto n tax [pl. taxes]

libre de impuestos duty free

impuesto sobre el valor añadido value added tax

impuesto sobre la renta income tax

Spanish-English dictionary > impuesto
10 ускорен

accelerated, etc. вж. ускорявам

ускоренпулс a quickened/quick/frequent pulse

с ускорени темпове at accelerated rates

работя с ускорени темпове work against time

с много ускорено темпо by leaps and bounds

ускорено икономическо развитие an accelerated/a speeded economic development

* * *

ускорѐн,

мин. страд. прич. (и като прил.) accelerated, hastened, speeded; работя с \ускорени темпове work against time; с много \ускорено темпо by leaps and bounds; с \ускорени темпове at accelerated rates; \ускорен пулс quickened/quick/frequent pulse; \ускорена амортизация accelerated depreciation.

* * *

accelerated

* * *
1. accelerated, etc. вж. ускорявам 2. c УСКОРЕНи темпове at accelerated rates 3. c много УСКОРЕНо темпо by leaps and bounds 4. УСКОРЕНo икономическо развитие an accelerated/a speeded economic development 5. УСКОРЕНпулс a quickened/quick/frequent pulse 6. работя с УСКОРЕНи темпове work against time

Български-английски речник > ускорен
11 Zins- und Wechselkursschwankungen

Zins- und Wechselkursschwankungen
swings in interest and exchange rates;
• Zinssenkung reduction of [the] interest [rate], cut in interest rates;
• Zinssenkungstendenz downward tendency in interest rates;
• Zinssituation interest-rate situation;
• Zinsspanne (Bank) margin of profit, profit margin;
• Zinsspannenentwicklung interest margin development;
• Zinsspiegel interest-rate level;
• Zinsstabilisierung interest stabilization;
• Zinsstaffel equation of interest;
• Zinsstruktur interest-rate structure;
• Zinssubvention subsidy of interest;
• Zinstabelle interest table, table of interest, ready reckoner;
• Zinstag quarter day;
• Zinstermin interest [due] date;
• zum Zinstermin ablösen to redeem at an interest date;
• Zinsüberschuss interest surplus;
• Zinsumwandlung conversion of interest;
• Zinsverbilligung cheapening of interest rates, interest reduction (rebate);
• betriebliche Zinsverbindlichkeiten interest on business indebtedness;
• entstandene [noch nicht fällige] Zinsverbindlichkeiten accrued interest payable (US);
• Zinsvereinbarung agreement on interest rates;
• Zinsvergünstigung interest-rate relief;
• Zinsvergütung allowance for interest, rebate[ment];
• Wertpapiere ohne Zinsvergütung veräußern to sell stocks flat;
• Zinsverlust loss of interest;
• Zinsversprechen (Wechsel) interest clause;
• Zinsverzug default of interest;
• Zinsvorauszahlung anticipatory interest, prepayment of interest, interest collected in advance;
• Zinsvorauszahlungen leisten to pay interest in advance;
• Zinsvorteil interest-rate advantage;
• Zinswucher usury;
• Zinswucherer loan shark (US);
• Zinszahlen red (interest) numbers, products (Br.);
• Zinszahlung payment of interest, interest payment;
• Zinszahlungen an natürliche Personen interest paid to individuals;
• mit den Zinszahlungen in Verzug sein to make default in the payment of interest;
• Zinszahlungstermin interest-payment date;
• Zinszuschüsse interest rate subsidy, interest-relief grants;
• Zins- und Tilgungszuschüsse subsidies for interest and redemption.

Business german-english dictionary > Zins- und Wechselkursschwankungen
12 crear

v.

1 to create.

me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems

Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence

Ricardo crea obras de arte Richard creates works of art.

Ellas crean criaturas raras They create weird creatures.

2 to invent.

3 to found.

4 to make, to make up.

* * *

crear

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to create

■ crear problemas to create problems

2 (fundar) to found, establish; (partido) to set up

3 (inventar) to invent

► verbo pronominal crearse

1 to make, make for oneself

■ crearse enemigos to make enemies for oneself

2 (imaginarse) to imagine

* * *

verb

1) to create

2) originate

* * *

VT

1) (=hacer, producir) [+ obra, objeto, empleo] to create

el hombre fue creado a imagen de Dios — man was created in the image of God

crearon una ciudad de la nada — they created a city out of nothing

2) (=establecer) [+ comisión, comité, fondo, negocio, sistema] to set up; [+ asociación, cooperativa] to form, set up; [+ cargo, puesto] to create; [+ movimiento, organización] to create, establish, found

¿qué se necesita para crear una empresa? — what do you need in order to set up o start a business?

esta organización se creó para defender los derechos humanos — this organization was created o established o founded to defend human rights

aspiraban a crear un estado independiente — they aimed to create o establish o found an independent state

3) (=dar lugar a) [+ condiciones, clima, ambiente] to create; [+ problemas] to cause, create; [+ expectativas] to raise

el bloqueo ha creado una situación insostenible — the blockade has created an untenable situation

el vacío creado por su muerte — the gap left o created by her death

la nicotina crea adicción — nicotine is addictive

4) liter (=nombrar) to make, appoint

fue creado papa — he was made pope

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop

b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build

2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn

su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades — his arrogance made him many enemies

no quiero crear falsas expectativas — I don't want to raise false hopes
2.
crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself

* * *

= design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.

Ex. In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.

Ex. The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.

Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.

Ex. In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.

Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.

Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.

Ex. Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.

Ex. Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.

Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.

Ex. There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.

Ex. In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.

Ex. MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.

Ex. The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.

Ex. The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.

Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.

Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.

Ex. Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.

Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.

----

* crear adicción = be addictive.

* crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.

* crear apoyo = build + support.

* crear canales para = establish + channels for.

* crear con gran destreza = craft.

* crear consenso = forge + consensus.

* crear demanda = make + demand.

* crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].

* crear desconfianza = create + distrust.

* crear desesperación = yield + despair.

* crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.

* crear interés = build + interest.

* crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.

* crear lazos = build up + links.

* crear lazos afectivos = bond.

* crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.

* crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.

* crear prototipos = prototype.

* crear relaciones = structure + relationships.

* crearse = build up, hew.

* crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.

* crear servidor web = put up + web site.

* crearse una identidad = forge + identity.

* crearse una vida = build + life.

* crear una alianza = forge + alliance.

* crear una base = form + a basis.

* crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.

* crear una coalición = forge + coalition.

* crear una colección = build + collection.

* crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.

* crear una familia = have + a family.

* crear una ilusión = create + illusion.

* crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.

* crear una injusticia = create + injustice.

* crear una marca de identidad = branding.

* crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.

* crear una preocupación = create + concern.

* crear una situación = create + a situation.

* crear un clima = promote + climate.

* crear un comité = set up + committee.

* crear un entorno = create + an environment.

* crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.

* crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.

* crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.

* crear un grupo = set up + group.

* crear un índice = generate + index.

* crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.

* crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.

* crear un servidor web = open up + web site.

* crear vínculos = build up + links.

* crear vínculos afectivos = bond.

* oposición + crear = opposition + line up.

* que crea adicción = addictive.

* que crea hábito = addictive.

* volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop

b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build

2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn

su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades — his arrogance made him many enemies

no quiero crear falsas expectativas — I don't want to raise false hopes
2.
crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself

* * *

= design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.

Ex: In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.

Ex: The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.

Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.

Ex: In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.

Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.

Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.

Ex: Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.

Ex: Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.

Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.

Ex: There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.

Ex: In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.

Ex: MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.

Ex: The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.

Ex: The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.

Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.

Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.

Ex: Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.

Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.

* crear adicción = be addictive.

* crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.

* crear apoyo = build + support.

* crear canales para = establish + channels for.

* crear con gran destreza = craft.

* crear consenso = forge + consensus.

* crear demanda = make + demand.

* crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].

* crear desconfianza = create + distrust.

* crear desesperación = yield + despair.

* crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.

* crear interés = build + interest.

* crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.

* crear lazos = build up + links.

* crear lazos afectivos = bond.

* crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.

* crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.

* crear prototipos = prototype.

* crear relaciones = structure + relationships.

* crearse = build up, hew.

* crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.

* crear servidor web = put up + web site.

* crearse una identidad = forge + identity.

* crearse una vida = build + life.

* crear una alianza = forge + alliance.

* crear una base = form + a basis.

* crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.

* crear una coalición = forge + coalition.

* crear una colección = build + collection.

* crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.

* crear una familia = have + a family.

* crear una ilusión = create + illusion.

* crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.

* crear una injusticia = create + injustice.

* crear una marca de identidad = branding.

* crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.

* crear una preocupación = create + concern.

* crear una situación = create + a situation.

* crear un clima = promote + climate.

* crear un comité = set up + committee.

* crear un entorno = create + an environment.

* crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.

* crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.

* crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.

* crear un grupo = set up + group.

* crear un índice = generate + index.

* crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.

* crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.

* crear un servidor web = open up + web site.

* crear vínculos = build up + links.

* crear vínculos afectivos = bond.

* oposición + crear = opposition + line up.

* que crea adicción = addictive.

* que crea hábito = addictive.

* volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

* * *

crear [A1 ]

vt

A

1 ‹obra/modelo› to create; ‹tendencia› to create

crear una nueva imagen para el producto to create a new image for the product

crearon un producto revolucionario they developed o created a revolutionary product

2 ‹sistema› to create, establish, set up; ‹institución› to set up, create; ‹comisión/fondo› to set up; ‹empleo› to create

crearon una ciudad en pleno desierto they built a city in the middle of the desert

B ‹dificultades/problemas› to cause, create; ‹ambiente/clima› to create; ‹fama/prestigio› to bring; ‹reputación› to earn

su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades his arrogance made him many enemies

no quiero crear falsas expectativas en mis alumnos I don't want to raise false hopes among my students, I don't want to give my students false hopes

se crea muchas dificultades he creates o makes a lot of problems for himself

¿para qué te creas más trabajo? why make more work for yourself?

será difícil llenar el vacío creado con su desaparición it will be difficult to fill the gap left by his death

* * *

crear ( conjugate crear) verbo transitivo
to create;
‹ producto› to develop;
‹institución/comisión/fondo› to set up;
‹fama/prestigio› to bring;
‹ reputación› to earn;
◊ crea muchos problemas it causes o creates a lot of problems;

no quiero crear falsas expectativas I don't want to raise false hopes
crearse verbo pronominal ‹ problema› to create … for oneself;

‹ enemigos› to make
crear verbo transitivo to create
' crear' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
falsificar
- hacer
- ilusionar
- infundio
- rompecabezas
- constituir
- formar
- meter
English:
boat
- bonding
- create
- fashion
- never-never land
- rapport
- stage
- afoot
- develop
- devise
- disrupt
- establish
- illusion
- set
- you

* * *

crear

♦ vt

1. [hacer, producir, originar] to create;

crear empleo/riqueza to create jobs/wealth;

han creado un nuevo ministerio para él they have created a new ministry for him;

me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems;

Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence

2. [inventar] to invent;
[poema, sinfonía] to compose, to write; [cuadro] to paint
3. [fundar] to found

♦ See also the pronominal verb crearse

* * *

crear

v/t create; empresa set up

* * *

crear vt

1) : to create, to cause

2) : to originate

* * *

crear vb

1. (en general) to create

las esculturas que el artista ha creado en los últimos años the sculptures created by the artist during the last few years

crearon 250 puestos de trabajo they created 250 jobs

2. (comité, empresa, etc) to set up

están estudiando la posibilidad de crear una empresa they're considering setting up a company

Spanish-English dictionary > crear
13 frenar

v.

1 to brake (automobiles).

El auto frena de repente The car brakes suddenly.

Ricardo frenó el auto Richard braked the car.

2 to check.

los altos tipos de interés frenan a los inversores the high interest rates are holding investors back

3 to rein in, to rein up, to rein back.

El jinete frenó al caballo The rider reined in the horse.

María frenó su lengua Mary checked her tongue.

4 to halt, to set back, to slow down to a halt.

El movimiento frenó The movement slowed down to a halt.

5 to scotch, to spoke.

El mecánico frena la rueda The mechanic scotches the wheel.

* * *

frenar

► verbo transitivo

1 to brake

2 figurado to restrain, check

► verbo intransitivo

1 to brake

■ frenó de golpe he jammed on the brakes

* * *

verb

1) to brake

2) check

* * *

1. VT

1) (Aut, Mec) to brake

2) (=contener) [+ inflación, crecimiento, avance, deterioro] to check, slow down; [+ pasiones, entusiasmo] to curb; [+ enemigo, ataque] to check, hold back

su novia tiene que frenarle para que no beba tanto — his girlfriend has to restrain him from drinking so much

2.

VI (Aut) to brake

frena, que viene una curva — brake, there's a bend coming up

frenar en seco — to brake sharply o suddenly

3.

See:

frenarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) (Transp) to brake

2) <proceso/deterioro> to slow... down; <alza/inflación> to curb, check; <progreso/desarrollo> to hold... back

para frenar la ola de refugiados — to stem the flow of refugees
2.
frenar vi to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
3.
frenarse v pron (refl) to restrain oneself

* * *

= put + the brakes on, stultify, rein in, curb, apply + the brakes, slow down, slow up, brake, hold + Nombre + back.

Ex. At the heart of the debate on Community budget and agricultural reforms has been the UK's insistence on the need to put the brakes on runaway spending on agriculture.

Ex. Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.

Ex. If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.

Ex. A book detection system was installed to curb thefts which had been seriously eroding the library's resources for some time, creating a heavy drain on the limited book budget.

Ex. The conclusion by the article 'Children's bookstores: applying the brakes' is that the rapid growth in children's bookstores and bookselling, documented in previous surveys, may have finally reached a plateau.

Ex. However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.

Ex. Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.

Ex. Last year the system was upgraded so the car will brake if the driver fails to react to a dangerous situation.

Ex. Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.

----

* frenar el gasto público = curb + public spending.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) (Transp) to brake

2) <proceso/deterioro> to slow... down; <alza/inflación> to curb, check; <progreso/desarrollo> to hold... back

para frenar la ola de refugiados — to stem the flow of refugees
2.
frenar vi to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
3.
frenarse v pron (refl) to restrain oneself

* * *

= put + the brakes on, stultify, rein in, curb, apply + the brakes, slow down, slow up, brake, hold + Nombre + back.

Ex: At the heart of the debate on Community budget and agricultural reforms has been the UK's insistence on the need to put the brakes on runaway spending on agriculture.

Ex: Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.

Ex: If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.

Ex: A book detection system was installed to curb thefts which had been seriously eroding the library's resources for some time, creating a heavy drain on the limited book budget.

Ex: The conclusion by the article 'Children's bookstores: applying the brakes' is that the rapid growth in children's bookstores and bookselling, documented in previous surveys, may have finally reached a plateau.

Ex: However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.

Ex: Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.

Ex: Last year the system was upgraded so the car will brake if the driver fails to react to a dangerous situation.

Ex: Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.

* frenar el gasto público = curb + public spending.

* * *

frenar [A1 ]

vt

A ( Transp) to brake

B

1 ‹proceso/deterioro› to slow … down, check; ‹alza/inflación› to curb, check, slow … down; ‹progreso/desarrollo› to hold … back, slow … up/down

frena la maduración de la fruta it stops the fruit ripening so quickly, it slows down the ripening process of the fruit

a veces uno tiene que frenar la lengua there are times when one has to hold one's tongue

para frenar la ola de refugiados to stem the flow of refugees

2 ‹ilusiones/esperanzas› to put a damper on

■ frenar

vi

to brake, apply the brake(s) ( frml)

■ frenarse

v pron

( refl) to restrain oneself

* * *

frenar ( conjugate frenar) verbo transitivo
1 (Transp) to brake
2 ‹proceso/deterioro› to slow … down;
‹alza/inflación› to curb, check;
‹progreso/desarrollo› to hold … back
verbo intransitivo
to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
frenar verbo transitivo
1 (un vehículo, máquina) to brake
2 (contener) (crisis, inflación, etc) to slow down
(una tendencia, un impulso) to restrain
' frenar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
retardar
- seco
English:
arrest
- brake
- check
- put on
- slam on
- apply
- curb

* * *

frenar

♦ vt

1. [en vehículo] to brake

2. [contener] to check;
[disminuir] to curb, to slow down;
medidas para frenar el desempleo measures to curb unemployment;

nadie pudo frenar a la estrella brasileña no one could stop the Brazilian star;

los altos tipos de interés frenan a los inversores the high interest rates are holding investors back

♦ vi
[en vehículo] to brake
♦ See also the pronominal verb frenarse

* * *

frenar

I v/i AUTO brake;

frenar en seco brake sharply

II v/t fig

slow down; impulsos check

* * *

frenar vt

1) : to brake

2) detener: to curb, to check

frenar vi

: to apply the brakes

♦ See also the reflexive verb frenarse

* * *

frenar vb to brake

Spanish-English dictionary > frenar
14 poner énfasis en

(v.) = lay + stress on, place + emphasis on, lay + emphasis on

Ex. The Academy is always at the centre of every intellectual activity and lays stress on its interest in Virgilian studies.

Ex. Particular emphasis is placed on establishing base line turnover rates and examining the relationship of gender to turnover behaviour.

Ex. Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.

* * *

(v.) = lay + stress on, place + emphasis on, lay + emphasis on

Ex: The Academy is always at the centre of every intellectual activity and lays stress on its interest in Virgilian studies.

Ex: Particular emphasis is placed on establishing base line turnover rates and examining the relationship of gender to turnover behaviour.

Ex: Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.

Spanish-English dictionary > poner énfasis en
15 sexo

m.

1 sex.

el bello sexo, el sexo débil the fair sex

un organismo de sexo masculino a male organism

sexo oral oral sex

sexo seguro o sin riesgo safe sex

2 genitals (genitales).

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: sexar.

* * *

sexo

► nombre masculino

1 sex

2 (órganos) sexual organs plural, genitals plural

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

el bello sexo the fair sex

el sexo débil the weaker sex

* * *

noun m.

sex

* * *

SM

1) (Bio) sex

el bello sexo — the fair sex

el sexo débil — the weaker sex

el sexo femenino/masculino — the female/male sex

el sexo fuerte — the stronger sex

el sexo opuesto — the opposite sex

de ambos sexos — of both sexes

sin sexo — sexless

- hablar del sexo de los ángeles

sería como discutir sobre el sexo de los ángeles — it would be a totally pointless discussion

sexo en grupo — group sex

sexo oral — oral sex

sexo seguro — safe sex

2) (=órgano sexual) [de hombre] penis, sexual organs pl frm; [de mujer] vagina, sexual organs pl frm

* * *

masculino

a) (condición, género) sex

sexo masculino/femenino — male/female sex

b) ( órganos genitales) sexual organs (pl)

c) ( sexualidad) sex

- sexo débil

- sexo seguro

* * *

= gender, sex, gender group, sexual act.

Ex. The LA is currently conducting a major survey to collect and monitor information on gender, ethnic origin and disability which will enable the LA to highlight and tackle problems of inequality in the profession.

Ex. Examination of the LCSH list reveals that considerations of nationality, ethnic background, religion, and sex have been factors which have entered into the construction, over the years, of LC's hypothetical reader.

Ex. Development is a social, political, and economic process of change which, to be just and sustainable, must ensure the participation of all class, race and gender groups.

Ex. Police say an employee at a homeless shelter in downtown Charleston offered reduced lodging rates in exchange for sexual acts.

----

* cambio de sexo = sex change.

* concienciacion de la igualdad de sexos = gender awareness.

* datos desagregados por sexo = gender-disaggregated data.

* del mismo sexo = same-sex.

* desigualdad entre los sexos = gender inequality.

* diferencia debida al sexo = gender gap.

* diferencia de sexo = gender difference.

* diferencias de sexo = gender.

* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.

* escena de sexo = sex scene.

* estadísticas desegregadas por sexo = gender-disaggregated data.

* igualdad entre los sexos = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.

* matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo = same-sex marriage.

* no discriminatorio con respecto al sexo = gender neutral.

* operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* relacionado con el sexo = gender-related.

* rol establecido en función del sexo = gender role.

* sexo a pelo = unprotected sex.

* sexo con penetración = penetrative sex.

* sexo de menores = underage sex.

* sexo opuesto = opposite sex.

* sexo oral = oral sex, cunnilingus, fellatio.

* sexo perverso = kinky sex.

* sexo seguro = safe sex.

* sexo sin protección = unprotected sex.

* vertirse del sexo opuesto = cross-dressing [crossdressing].

* * *

masculino

a) (condición, género) sex

sexo masculino/femenino — male/female sex

b) ( órganos genitales) sexual organs (pl)

c) ( sexualidad) sex

- sexo débil

- sexo seguro

* * *

= gender, sex, gender group, sexual act.

Ex: The LA is currently conducting a major survey to collect and monitor information on gender, ethnic origin and disability which will enable the LA to highlight and tackle problems of inequality in the profession.

Ex: Examination of the LCSH list reveals that considerations of nationality, ethnic background, religion, and sex have been factors which have entered into the construction, over the years, of LC's hypothetical reader.

Ex: Development is a social, political, and economic process of change which, to be just and sustainable, must ensure the participation of all class, race and gender groups.

Ex: Police say an employee at a homeless shelter in downtown Charleston offered reduced lodging rates in exchange for sexual acts.

* cambio de sexo = sex change.

* concienciacion de la igualdad de sexos = gender awareness.

* datos desagregados por sexo = gender-disaggregated data.

* del mismo sexo = same-sex.

* desigualdad entre los sexos = gender inequality.

* diferencia debida al sexo = gender gap.

* diferencia de sexo = gender difference.

* diferencias de sexo = gender.

* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.

* escena de sexo = sex scene.

* estadísticas desegregadas por sexo = gender-disaggregated data.

* igualdad entre los sexos = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.

* matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo = same-sex marriage.

* no discriminatorio con respecto al sexo = gender neutral.

* operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* relacionado con el sexo = gender-related.

* rol establecido en función del sexo = gender role.

* sexo a pelo = unprotected sex.

* sexo con penetración = penetrative sex.

* sexo de menores = underage sex.

* sexo opuesto = opposite sex.

* sexo oral = oral sex, cunnilingus, fellatio.

* sexo perverso = kinky sex.

* sexo seguro = safe sex.

* sexo sin protección = unprotected sex.

* vertirse del sexo opuesto = cross-dressing [crossdressing].

* * *

sexo

masculine

1 (condición, género) sex

sexo masculino/femenino male/female sex

2 (órganos genitales) sexual organs (pl)

3 (sexualidad) sex

Compuestos:

● sexo débil

el sexo débil the weaker sex

● sexo seguro

safe sex

● sexo telefónico

telephone sex

* * *

sexo sustantivo masculino
sex;
◊ el sexo débil the weaker sex;

sexo seguro safe sex
sexo sustantivo masculino
1 Biol sex
sexo masculino/femenino, male/ female sex
(órganos sexuales) sexual organs
2 (relación sexual) sex
sexo seguro, safe sex

' sexo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
condicionamiento
- cuñada
- cuñado
- femenina
- femenino
- hermano
- masculina
- masculino
- padre
- rey
- sobrino
- tabú
- ligar
- perra
- pinchar
English:
boyish
- censor
- M
- male
- sex
- sex change
- they
- womanhood
- gender
- irrespective
- m
- opposite

* * *

sexo nm

1. [género] sex;

el sexo masculino/femenino the male/female sex;

el bello sexo, el sexo débil the fair sex;

el sexo fuerte the stronger sex;

un organismo de sexo masculino a male organism;

Comp

esto es como hablar del sexo de los ángeles there's no point in having this discussion

2. [genitales] genitals

3. [sexualidad] sex

Comp
sexo oral oral sex;
sexo sin protección unprotected sex;

sexo sin riesgo safe sex;

sexo seguro safe sex

* * *

sexo

m

1 sex

2 ( órganos sexuales) sex(-ual) organs

* * *

sexo nm

: sex

* * *

sexo n sex

Spanish-English dictionary > sexo
16 tipo impositivo

m.

tax rate.

* * *

tipo impositivo

tax rate

* * *

(n.) = income tax bracket, tax rate, tax bracket

Ex. Since 1999, Minnesota's income tax brackets have expanded about 16 percent.

Ex. Even with Groome's effort to ease tax burden pressures on individual property owners through industrial development, the tax rate is very steep.

Ex. This is achieved by creating tax brackets which have increasing marginal tax rates.

* * *

(n.) = income tax bracket, tax rate, tax bracket

Ex: Since 1999, Minnesota's income tax brackets have expanded about 16 percent.

Ex: Even with Groome's effort to ease tax burden pressures on individual property owners through industrial development, the tax rate is very steep.

Ex: This is achieved by creating tax brackets which have increasing marginal tax rates.

* * *

tipo impositivo

tax rate

Spanish-English dictionary > tipo impositivo
17 Anpassung

Anpassung f 1. GEN accommodation, adaptation, adjustment, alignment, (AE) (infrml) shakedown; 2. RW assimilation; 3. VERSICH, WIWI adjustment
* * *

f 1. < Geschäft> accommodation, adaptation, adjustment, alignment, shakedown infrml (AE) ; 2. < Rechnung> assimilation; 3. <Versich, Vw> adjustment

* * *
Anpassung
adaptation, accommodation, assimilation, (Computer) matching, (Handels- und Steuerbilanz) matching, (automatische Lohnangleichung) escalation (US), (pol.) realignment, (Preise, US) escalation, adaptation, adjustment;
• automatische Anpassung (Löhne) escalator clause (adjustment), (Steuersystem) built-in flexibility;
• soziale Anpassung social adaption (adjustment);
• strukturelle Anpassung structural adaption;
• stufenweise Anpassung gradualism;
• Anpassung der Agrarpolitik an die Europäische Gemeinschaft farm policy alignment;
• Anpassung des Angebots an die Nachfrage adaptation of supply to demand;
• Anpassung der Anzeigensätze adjustment in advertising rates;
• Anpassung des Arbeitsplatzes (an Behinderte) adjustment of the workplace;
• Anpassung der Bildungssysteme (EU) adaptation of education systems;
• Anpassung an die Gemeinschaftsstandards (EU) adaptation to Community standards;
• Anpassung an die Gemeinschaftsvorschriften (EU) compliance with Community legislation;
• Anpassung der Löhne equalization of wages, adjustment of existing wage rates;
• Anpassung der Preise adaptation of prices, price adjustment;
• Anpassung an wirtschaftliche Realitäten adjustment to economic realities;
• Anpassung der Registrierkassen adaptation of cash registers;
• Anpassung der Sozialversicherungsleistungen social security adjustment;
• Anpassung der Steuersysteme an die soziale Entwicklung adaptation of the tax systems to social development;
• automatische Anpassung der Steuertabelle an die Inflationsrate automatic adjustment of tax schedule to the rate of inflation;
• Anpassung an den ermäßigten Tarif short-rate adjustment;
• Anpassung an neue Technologien adaptation to new technologies;
• Anpassung der Unternehmen an den Euro enterprise adaptation to the euro;
• Anpassung der Verträge (EU) adjustment to the treaties;
• Anpassung der Währungen alignment (adjustment) of currencies;
• Anpassung der Wechselkurse exchange adjustment;
• Anpassung von Wechselkursen an die wirtschaftlichen Realitäten adjustment of exchange rates to the economic realities.

Business german-english dictionary > Anpassung
18 disminuir

v.

1 to reduce.

2 to decrease.

El medicamento disminuyó la fiebre The drug decreased the fever.

Me disminuyó la temperatura My temperature decreased.

3 to diminish, to decrease, to fall off, to drop off.

El calor disminuyó The heat diminished.

4 to lessen, to take down, to humiliate, to deflate.

Su actitud disminuyó a su hijo His attitude lessened his son.

5 to have less.

Te disminuyó la fiebre You have less fever.

* * *

disminuir

Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to decrease

2 (medidas, velocidad) to reduce

► verbo intransitivo

1 (gen) to diminish

2 (temperatura, precios) to drop, fall

* * *

verb

1) to decrease

2) drop, fall

* * *

1. VT

1) (=reducir) [+ nivel, precio, gastos, intereses] to reduce, bring down; [+ riesgo, incidencia, dolor] to reduce, lessen; [+ temperatura] to lower, bring down; [+ prestigio, autoridad] to diminish, lessen; [+ fuerzas] to sap; [+ entusiasmo] to dampen

algunos bancos han disminuido en un 0,15% sus tipos de interés — some banks have reduced o brought down their interest rates by 0.15%

hemos tenido que disminuir la dosis — we've had to reduce the dose

las vacunas disminuyen la resistencia a otros virus — vaccinations lower resistance to other germs

disminuyó la velocidad para tomar la curva — she slowed down o reduced her speed to go round the bend

durante el día disminuyen la vigilancia — security is not so strict during the day

esta medicina me disminuye las fuerzas — this medicine is making me weaker o sapping my strength

2) (Cos) [+ puntos] to decrease

2. VI

1) (=decrecer) [número, población] to decrease, drop, fall; [temperatura, precios] to drop, fall; [distancia, diferencia, velocidad, tensión] to decrease; [fuerzas, autoridad, poder] to diminish; [días] to grow shorter; [luz] to fade; [prestigio, entusiasmo] to dwindle

ha disminuido la tasa de natalidad — the birth rate has decreased o dropped o fallen

el número de asistentes ha disminuido últimamente — attendance has decreased o dropped o fallen recently

ya le está disminuyendo la fiebre — his temperature is dropping o falling now

el paro disminuyó en un 0,3% — unemployment dropped o fell by 0.3%

su poder disminuyó con el paso del tiempo — his power diminished as time went by

con esta pastilla te disminuirá el dolor — this tablet will relieve o ease your pain

2) (=empeorar) [memoria, vista] to fail

3) (Cos) [puntos] to decrease

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( menguar) número/cantidad to decrease, drop, fall; entusiasmo/interés to wane, diminish; precios/temperaturas to drop, fall; poder/fama to diminish; dolor to diminish, lessen

los impuestos no disminuyeron — there was no cut in taxes

disminuyó la intensidad del viento — the wind died down o dropped

la agilidad disminuye con los años — one becomes less agile with age

2) ( al tejer) to decrease
2.
disminuir vt

1) ( reducir) <gastos/costos/impuestos> to reduce, cut; < velocidad> to reduce; <número/cantidad> to reduce, diminish

el alcohol disminuye la rapidez de los reflejos — alcohol slows down your reactions

2) ( al tejer) < puntos> to decrease

* * *

= decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, fall off, reduce, relax, shrink, slow down, tail off, lower, dip, subside, mitigate, lessen, abate, decelerate, regress, wane, take + a dive, ebb, slacken, whittle (away/down/at), slow up, taper, scale back, remit, take + a dip, turn down.

Ex. Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.

Ex. Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.

Ex. While another colleague of mine offered the wry comment that 'as the computer's capabilities have increased our expectations of what it can do have proportionally diminished'.

Ex. Whereas this proportion is dwindling as a percentage of the total budget, agricultural spending continues to rise in real terms.

Ex. When the recording procedures were removed study time fell off immediately.

Ex. The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.

Ex. Since the Federal Government has not been willing to relax import restrictions on books, academic librarians have had to devise a number of strategies for the survival of collection development.

Ex. The 'false hit' problem still arises, but becomes less likely as the 'neighborhood' of the two words shrinks.

Ex. However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.

Ex. In this unsettled atmosphere, it is not surprising that enthusiasm for membership of the Community should tail off.

Ex. When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.

Ex. The proportions of books bought for children have been extraordinarily steady for four of the five years, only dipping at all appreciably in the last year of 1979-80.

Ex. Her agitation subsided suddenly.

Ex. Confusion caused by repetition of descriptive information in access points can be mitigated by careful screen design.

Ex. Two possible solutions are possible: (1) to lessen the frequency of production, or (2) to reduce the amount of detail in the entries.

Ex. As the sobbing abated, the secretary's voice regained some steadiness.

Ex. Accumulation of new data bases is decelerating rapidly with the focus on deriving subsets from current files to serve niche markets.

Ex. Interloans have regressed recently, despite the rapid advancement of the computer age.

Ex. The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.

Ex. The article 'Wages, hours, bookfunds take a dive' examines how some authorities are proposing cuts in wages to preserve services; others reducing bookfunds by as much as a quarter, or cutting their opening hours in half.

Ex. Subsequently, library development stalled as cultural interaction ebbed from classical levels.

Ex. The trend direct supply of books to schools shows no sign of slackening.

Ex. However, such idealism is often whittled away over time by bureaucratic problems & organizational demands.

Ex. Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.

Ex. The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip.

Ex. He first spotted trouble when she started being short with users and so he solved the problem by scaling back her workload.

Ex. The fever was resolved and the skin lesions started to remit during the following 3 weeks.

Ex. Sales took a dip in 2005 but exploded in 2006.

Ex. Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.

----

* atención + disminuir = attention + wane.

* disminuir casi hasta su desaparación = drop to + near vanishing point.

* disminuir de tamaño = dwindle in + size.

* disminuir el riesgo = reduce + risk.

* disminuir el valor de = belittle.

* disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.

* disminuir la marcha = slow down.

* disminuir la posibilidad = lessen + possibility.

* disminuir la probabilidad = reduce + chances.

* disminuir las probabilidades = lengthen + the odds.

* disminuir la velocidad = slow up.

* sin disminuir = non-decreasing, unabated.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( menguar) número/cantidad to decrease, drop, fall; entusiasmo/interés to wane, diminish; precios/temperaturas to drop, fall; poder/fama to diminish; dolor to diminish, lessen

los impuestos no disminuyeron — there was no cut in taxes

disminuyó la intensidad del viento — the wind died down o dropped

la agilidad disminuye con los años — one becomes less agile with age

2) ( al tejer) to decrease
2.
disminuir vt

1) ( reducir) <gastos/costos/impuestos> to reduce, cut; < velocidad> to reduce; <número/cantidad> to reduce, diminish

el alcohol disminuye la rapidez de los reflejos — alcohol slows down your reactions

2) ( al tejer) < puntos> to decrease

* * *

= decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, fall off, reduce, relax, shrink, slow down, tail off, lower, dip, subside, mitigate, lessen, abate, decelerate, regress, wane, take + a dive, ebb, slacken, whittle (away/down/at), slow up, taper, scale back, remit, take + a dip, turn down.

Ex: Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.

Ex: Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.

Ex: While another colleague of mine offered the wry comment that 'as the computer's capabilities have increased our expectations of what it can do have proportionally diminished'.

Ex: Whereas this proportion is dwindling as a percentage of the total budget, agricultural spending continues to rise in real terms.

Ex: When the recording procedures were removed study time fell off immediately.

Ex: The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.

Ex: Since the Federal Government has not been willing to relax import restrictions on books, academic librarians have had to devise a number of strategies for the survival of collection development.

Ex: The 'false hit' problem still arises, but becomes less likely as the 'neighborhood' of the two words shrinks.

Ex: However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.

Ex: In this unsettled atmosphere, it is not surprising that enthusiasm for membership of the Community should tail off.

Ex: When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.

Ex: The proportions of books bought for children have been extraordinarily steady for four of the five years, only dipping at all appreciably in the last year of 1979-80.

Ex: Her agitation subsided suddenly.

Ex: Confusion caused by repetition of descriptive information in access points can be mitigated by careful screen design.

Ex: Two possible solutions are possible: (1) to lessen the frequency of production, or (2) to reduce the amount of detail in the entries.

Ex: As the sobbing abated, the secretary's voice regained some steadiness.

Ex: Accumulation of new data bases is decelerating rapidly with the focus on deriving subsets from current files to serve niche markets.

Ex: Interloans have regressed recently, despite the rapid advancement of the computer age.

Ex: The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.

Ex: The article 'Wages, hours, bookfunds take a dive' examines how some authorities are proposing cuts in wages to preserve services; others reducing bookfunds by as much as a quarter, or cutting their opening hours in half.

Ex: Subsequently, library development stalled as cultural interaction ebbed from classical levels.

Ex: The trend direct supply of books to schools shows no sign of slackening.

Ex: However, such idealism is often whittled away over time by bureaucratic problems & organizational demands.

Ex: Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.

Ex: The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip.

Ex: He first spotted trouble when she started being short with users and so he solved the problem by scaling back her workload.

Ex: The fever was resolved and the skin lesions started to remit during the following 3 weeks.

Ex: Sales took a dip in 2005 but exploded in 2006.

Ex: Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.

* atención + disminuir = attention + wane.

* disminuir casi hasta su desaparación = drop to + near vanishing point.

* disminuir de tamaño = dwindle in + size.

* disminuir el riesgo = reduce + risk.

* disminuir el valor de = belittle.

* disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.

* disminuir la marcha = slow down.

* disminuir la posibilidad = lessen + possibility.

* disminuir la probabilidad = reduce + chances.

* disminuir las probabilidades = lengthen + the odds.

* disminuir la velocidad = slow up.

* sin disminuir = non-decreasing, unabated.

* * *

disminuir [ I20 ]

vi

A (menguar) «número/cantidad» to decrease, drop, fall; «desempleo/exportaciones/gastos» to decrease, drop, fall; «entusiasmo» to wane, diminish; «interés» to wane, diminish, fall off

el número de fumadores ha disminuido the number of smokers has dropped o fallen o decreased

los impuestos no disminuyeron there was no decrease o cut in taxes

los casos de malaria han disminuido there has been a drop o fall o decrease in the number of malaria cases

disminuyó la intensidad del viento the wind died down o dropped

la agilidad disminuye con los años one becomes less agile with age

B (al tejer) to decrease

■ disminuir

vt

A (reducir) ‹gastos/costos› to reduce, bring down, cut

disminuimos la velocidad we reduced speed

es un asunto muy grave y se intenta disminuir su importancia it is a very serious matter, and its importance is being played down

el alcohol disminuye la rapidez de los reflejos alcohol slows down your reactions

B (al tejer) ‹puntos› to decrease

* * *

disminuir ( conjugate disminuir) verbo intransitivo ( menguar) [número/cantidad] to decrease, fall;
[precios/temperaturas] to drop, fall;
[ dolor] to diminish, lessen
verbo transitivo ( reducir) ‹gastos/producción› to cut back on;
‹ impuestos› to cut;
‹velocidad/número/cantidad› to reduce
disminuir
I verbo transitivo to reduce: esto disminuye sus probabilidades de entrar en la Universidad, this lowers his chances of admission to the University
II verbo intransitivo to diminish: el calor ha disminuido, the heat has lessened
' disminuir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aclararse
- atenuar
- bajar
- descender
- enfriar
- perder
- rebajar
- reducir
- reducirse
- velocidad
English:
cut back
- decline
- decrease
- die down
- diminish
- drop
- dwindle
- ease off
- ease up
- lessen
- lower
- odds
- reduce
- shrink
- sink
- slacken
- slacken off
- taper off
- thin out
- abate
- ease
- flag
- go
- let
- tail
- taper
- wane

* * *

disminuir

♦ vt

to reduce, to decrease;

disminuye la velocidad al entrar en la curva reduce speed as you go into the curve;

pastillas que disminuyen el sueño tablets that prevent drowsiness;

la lesión no ha disminuido su habilidad con el balón the injury hasn't affected his skill with the ball

♦ vi
[cantidad, velocidad, intensidad, contaminación] to decrease, to decline; [desempleo, inflación] to decrease, to fall; [precios, temperatura] to fall, to go down; [vista, memoria] to fail; [interés] to decline, to wane;
disminuye el número de matriculaciones en la universidad university enrolments are down;

medidas para que disminuyan los costes cost-cutting measures;

no disminuye la euforia inversora investor enthusiasm continues unabated

* * *

disminuir

I v/t gastos, costos reduce, cut; velocidad reduce

II v/i decrease, diminish

* * *

disminuir {41} vt

reducir: to reduce, to decrease, to lower

disminuir vi

1) : to lower

2) : to drop, to fall

* * *

disminuir vb

1. (reducir) to reduce

intentamos disminuir el número de accidentes we are trying to reduce the number of accidents

2. (bajar, menguar) to fall [pt. fell; pp. fallen] / to drop [pt. & pp. dropped]

disminuye el número de ballenas en el mundo the number of whales in the world is falling

Spanish-English dictionary > disminuir
19 salida

f.

1 departure (partida).

va a efectuar su salida it's about to depart

2 start (sport).

dar la salida a una carrera to start a race

salida nula false start

3 exit, way out (place).

¿dónde está la salida? where's the way out?

salida de emergencia emergency exit

salida de humos air vent

salida de incendios fire exit

4 trip (viaje).

5 appearance (aparición) (de revista, nuevo modelo).

a la salida del sol at sunrise

esta llave regula la salida del agua this tap o (British) faucet controls the flow of water (United States)

salida a bolsa (finance) flotation (de empresa)

6 output (commerce) (producción).

este producto no tiene salida there's no market for this product

7 output (computing).

8 way out.

si no hay otra salida if there's no alternative

9 witty remark (ocurrencia).

tener salidas to be witty

salida de tono out-of-place remark

10 departure gate.

11 starting point, start.

12 excursion, sally.

13 computer output, output.

14 exodus, exit.

15 production.

16 exitus, outlet.

17 efflux.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: salir.

* * *

salida

► nombre femenino

1 (partida) departure

■ la salida del tren es a las dos the train leaves at two

2 (puerta etc) exit, way out

3 (momento de salir)

■ nos encontramos a la salida del cine we met coming out of the cinema

4 (viaje corto) trip

5 (de un astro) rising

6 DEPORTE start

7 COMERCIO outlet, market

■ estas prendas no tienen salida there's no market for these clothes

8 FINANZAS outlay, expenditure

9 figurado (ocurrencia) witty remark, witticism

10 figurado (escapatoria) solution, way out

11 figurado (perspectiva) opening

12 TÉCNICA outlet

13 INFORMÁTICA output

14 (en naipes) lead

15 (parte que sobresale) projection

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

de salida from the start

no tener otra salida figurado to have no other option

tener salida a to open on to, come out at

salida de artistas stage door

salida de efectivo cash outflow

salida de emergencia emergency exit

salida de incendios fire exit

salida de tono unfortunate remark, improper remark

salida del sol sunrise

salida nula false start

* * *

noun f.

1) exit

2) departure

3) way out

4) witty remark

•

- salida del sol

* * *

SF

1) [de un lugar]

le prohibieron la salida del país — he was forbidden to leave the country

exigen la salida de las tropas extranjeras — they are demanding the withdrawal of foreign troops

tras su salida de la cárcel — when he came out of prison

• a la salida, te esperaremos a la salida — we'll wait for you on the way out

a la salida del cine fuimos a tomar una copa — after the cinema we went for a drink

sondeos realizados a la salida de las urnas — exit polls

hubo salida a hombros para el primero de los diestros — the first matador was carried out of the ring shoulder-high

• dar salida a, el pasillo que da salida a la pista de tenis — the passageway which leads out (on)to the tennis court

necesitaba dar salida a su creatividad — he needed to give expression to o find an outlet for his creativity

dio salida a su indignación — he gave vent to his anger

• puerta de salida — exit door
visado
2) (=aparición)

los fans esperaban su salida al escenario — the fans were waiting for her to come (out) onto the stage

tras la salida de los futbolistas al terreno de juego — after the footballers came/went out onto the pitch

la venda detuvo la salida de sangre — the bandage stopped the flow of blood

• precio de salida — [de objeto subastado] starting price; [de acciones] offer price

salida del sol — sunrise

3) (=lugar) [de edificio] exit, way out; [de autopista] exit, turn-off

¿dónde está la salida? — where's the exit o the way out?

salida — [encima de la puerta] exit; [en el pasillo] way out, exit

una cueva sin salida — a cave with no way out

el ejército controla las salidas de la ciudad — the army controls the roads out of the city

• tener salida a algo, nuestro edificio tiene salida a las dos calles — our building has access onto both streets

un país que no tiene salida al mar — a country with no access to the sea

la sala tiene salida al jardín — the living room opens on to the garden

salida de artistas — stage door

salida de emergencia — emergency exit

salida de incendios — fire exit
callejón
4) [de avión, tren] departure

la hora de salida del vuelo — the flight departure time

salidas internacionales — international departures

salidas nacionales — domestic departures

el autobús efectuará su salida desde el andén número cuatro — the bus will depart from bay number four

después de la salida del tren — after the train leaves, after the departure of the train

5) (=escapada) [de viaje] trip; [de excursión] trip, outing; [por la noche] night out, evening out

en mi primera salida al extranjero — on my first trip abroad, on my first foreign trip

me controlaban mucho las salidas por la noche — they kept tight control of my nights out o my going out at night

es su primera salida desde que dio a luz — it's the first time she's been out since she gave birth

salida al campo — field trip

6) (=comienzo) [de carrera, desfile] start

fuimos a ver la salida de la procesión — we went to see the start of the procession, we went to see the procession move off

salida — start

los corredores estaban preparados para la salida — the runners were ready for the start (of the race)

acudieron a los puestos de salida — they took their starting positions

Palmer tuvo una mala salida del tee — (Golf) Palmer played a poor tee shot

• dar la salida — to give the starting signal

es el encargado de dar la salida a la carrera — he is the one who starts the race o gives the starting signal for the race

• tomar la salida — (=empezar) to start the race; (=participar) to take part, compete

salida en falso, salida falsa — false start

salida lanzada — running start, flying start

salida nula — false start

salida parada — standing start
parrilla 2)
7) (Teat) [al entrar en escena] appearance; [para recibir aplausos] curtain-call

hago una sola salida al principio de la obra — I only make one appearance at the beginning of the play

hicieron tres salidas en los aplausos — they took three curtain calls

8) (=solución) solution

buscan una salida negociada al conflicto — they are seeking a negotiated solution to the conflict

la única salida está en la negociación — the only way out is through negotiation, the only solution is to negotiate

buscan en la música una salida a sus frustraciones — they try to find an outlet for their frustration in music

no le quedaba otra salida que la dimisión — she had no alternative o option but to resign

9) [al hablar]

¡qué buena salida! — that was a really witty comment!

tiene unas salidas que te mueres de risa — some of the things he comes out with are just hilarious

salida de bombero Esp —
hum
¡vaya salidas de bombero que tuvo! — he dropped some real clangers! *

salida de tono, fue una salida de tono — it was inappropriate o uncalled-for

10) (Com) [de producto] launch

• dar salida a, dar salida a los excedentes agrícolas — to find an outlet for surplus produce

dimos salida a nuestras existencias en dos meses — we sold off our stock in two months

• tener salida — to sell well

tener una salida difícil — to be a hard sell

tener una salida fácil — to have a ready market, be a soft sell

11) (Econ) (=cargo) debit entry

entradas y salidas — income and expenditure

12) pl salidas [en el trabajo] openings, job opportunities

esa carrera no tiene apenas salidas — there are very few openings o job opportunities for someone with that degree

salidas profesionales — job opportunities

13) (Téc) [de aire, gas, vapor] vent; [de agua] outlet

tiene salidas de aire caliente por los laterales — it has hot air vents on the sides

los orificios de salida de vapor — the steam vents

apertura de salida del agua — water outlet

14) (Inform) output

salida impresa — hard copy

15) (=prenda)

salida de baño — Cono Sur [en casa] bathrobe; [en playa, piscina] beach robe

salida de teatro — evening wrap

16) (Arquit) (=saliente) projection

17) (Mil) [para el ataque] sortie

18) (Naipes) lead

* * *

femenino

Sentido I

1) ( hacia el exterior)

( lugar)

a) (de edificio, lugar) exit

salida — exit

dimos mil vueltas buscando la salida — we went round and round looking for the way out o the exit

todas las salidas de Bilbao — all the roads out of Bilbao

Bolivia no tiene salida al mar — Bolivia has no access to the sea

mi habitación tenía salida a la terraza — my bedroom opened onto the terrace

es una calle sin salida — it's a dead end

b) ( de tubería) outlet, outflow; ( de circuito) outlet

- salida de emergencia/incendios

2)

a) ( acción)

me lo encontré a la salida — I met him on my way out

a la salida del concierto — after the concert

el gobierno les ha negado la salida del país — the government has refused to allow them to leave the country

impedir la salida de divisas — to prevent currency being taken out of o leaving the country

la salida del primer toro — the entry of the first bull

b) ( como distracción)

es su primera salida desde que la operaron — it's the first time she's been out since her operation

una salida al campo — an outing o a trip to the country

c) (de líquido, gas, electricidad) output

d)

la salida del sol — sunrise

Sentido II

3) ( partida)

(de tren, avión) departure

el tren efectuará su salida por la vía cinco — the train will leave from track five

salidas nacionales/internacionales — domestic/international departures

4) (Dep) ( en una carrera) start

Sentido III

5)

a) ( solución)

no le veo ninguna salida a esta situación — I can see no way out of this situation

no nos queda otra salida — we have no other option

b) ( posibilidades)

la informática tiene muchas salidas — nowadays there are many job opportunities in computing

esta prenda no tiene mucha salida — this garment doesn't sell very well

6) (Com, Fin) ( gasto) payment

entradas y salidas — income and expenditure

7) ( ocurrencia)

este chico tiene cada salida... — this child comes out with the funniest things...

fue una salida que nos hizo reír mucho — his remark o comment had us all in stitches

•

- salida de tono

* * *

femenino

Sentido I

1) ( hacia el exterior)

( lugar)

a) (de edificio, lugar) exit

salida — exit

dimos mil vueltas buscando la salida — we went round and round looking for the way out o the exit

todas las salidas de Bilbao — all the roads out of Bilbao

Bolivia no tiene salida al mar — Bolivia has no access to the sea

mi habitación tenía salida a la terraza — my bedroom opened onto the terrace

es una calle sin salida — it's a dead end

b) ( de tubería) outlet, outflow; ( de circuito) outlet

- salida de emergencia/incendios

2)

a) ( acción)

me lo encontré a la salida — I met him on my way out

a la salida del concierto — after the concert

el gobierno les ha negado la salida del país — the government has refused to allow them to leave the country

impedir la salida de divisas — to prevent currency being taken out of o leaving the country

la salida del primer toro — the entry of the first bull

b) ( como distracción)

es su primera salida desde que la operaron — it's the first time she's been out since her operation

una salida al campo — an outing o a trip to the country

c) (de líquido, gas, electricidad) output

d)

la salida del sol — sunrise

Sentido II

3) ( partida)

(de tren, avión) departure

el tren efectuará su salida por la vía cinco — the train will leave from track five

salidas nacionales/internacionales — domestic/international departures

4) (Dep) ( en una carrera) start

Sentido III

5)

a) ( solución)

no le veo ninguna salida a esta situación — I can see no way out of this situation

no nos queda otra salida — we have no other option

b) ( posibilidades)

la informática tiene muchas salidas — nowadays there are many job opportunities in computing

esta prenda no tiene mucha salida — this garment doesn't sell very well

6) (Com, Fin) ( gasto) payment

entradas y salidas — income and expenditure

7) ( ocurrencia)

este chico tiene cada salida... — this child comes out with the funniest things...

fue una salida que nos hizo reír mucho — his remark o comment had us all in stitches

•

- salida de tono

* * *

salida¹

¹ = departure, egress, exit, outlet, outing, escape route, turnover, work-around [workaround], stock turnover, turnover of stock, flight mission, way out, turn-off.

Ex: Apart from its undoubted value in its own right, Sears' provides a valuable model or point of departure for others.

Ex: The reduction of public access and egress to a single point well controlled by electronic or other means goes some way to reduce the loss of books.

Ex: A cash desk should be placed by each exit.

Ex: Hawthorne gave an uneasy laugh, which was merely the outlet for her disappointment.

Ex: The 1st calendar of events included a slide show, a literary afternoon, travel tips, and a picnic and outing.

Ex: At present the onus appears to be on individual library directors to develop alternative career paths and escape routes = Por ahora la responsabilidad de desarrollar trayectorias profesionales y vías de escape alternativas parece recaer sobre los directores de la biblioteca en cuestión.

Ex: Yet the genuine stockholding bookseller is committed to holding good stocks of books for the customers' benefit which means that he does not aim simply at buying in the books with the quickest turnover.

Ex: Obviously, the work-around is to cut-and-paste this into the end of the document, but why did this happen in the first place?.

Ex: The booksellers in the sample 'turned over their stocks on average about four times a year' though rates of stock turnover varied widely.

Ex: ' Turnover of stock' is, then, an important part of successful and lively bookselling.

Ex: The collection is composed of more than 400,000 prints and negatives from photographs taken during 1,258 separate flight missions, most of which were flown over California.

Ex: She racked her brains for a way out but could not find anything successful.

Ex: There's a great gas station and convenience store at the turn-off.

* a la salida = on the way out.

* asesor de salidas profesionales = career(s) adviser.

* bandera de salida, la = checkered flag, the.

* callejón sin salida = blind alley, catch 22, cul-de-sac, dead end, impasse, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.

* caudal de salida = flow rate.

* con salida al mercado = due out.

* consejero sobre salidas profesionales = career advisor, career counsellor.

* control de salida = exit barrier.

* dar el pistoletazo de salida = fire + the starting gun.

* dar salida a = vent.

* de salida = outgoing.

* disco de salida = output diskette.

* dispositivo de salida = output equipment.

* encontrar la salida a = find + a/the way out of.

* encontrar una salida a = find + a/the way out of.

* entradas y salidas = comings and goings.

* estrategia de salida = exit strategy.

* fecha de salida = departure date.

* fichero de salida = outgoing file.

* fichero de salida de datos = communication output file.

* hora de salida = departure time, check-out time.

* información sobre salidas profesionales = career(s) information.

* la mejor salida = the best way forward.

* libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].

* no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.

* orientación sobre salidas profesionales = career guidance.

* parrilla de salida = starting grid.

* pasillo de salida = exit lane.

* pistoletazo de salida = starting signal, starting gun.

* precio de salida = starting price.

* primera posición de salida = pole start, pole position.

* puerta de salida = exit door.

* registro de salida de cartas = outward letterbook.

* salida de aire = venting.

* salida de artistas = stage door.

* salida de datos = output.

* salida de emergencia = emergency exit.

* salida de humos = flue.

* salida de incendios = fire exit.

* salida de lectores = public exit.

* salida del sol = sunrise.

* salida del sol, la = rising of the sun, the.

* salida en falso = false start.

* salida lateral = side entrance.

* salida nula = false start.

* salida profesional = career opportunity, career path, career pattern, career option.

* salidas profesionales = careers guidance, career development, career planning, careers education, employability, job opportunities.

* sin salida al mar = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].

* sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.

* sondeo hecho a la salida = exit survey.

* tacos de salida = starting blocks.

* válvula de salida = outlet valve.

* vía de salida = exit lane.

salida²

² = witticism, witty remark, witty remark, quip.

Ex: It uses humor rather than witticisms, and self-deprecation rather than deprecation of the professional field.

Ex: Youll never be short on a witty remark with a database of almost 180000 jokes.

Ex: Youll never be short on a witty remark with a database of almost 180000 jokes.

Ex: His genius is sometimes most evident in his quips.

* * *

salida

feminine

Sentido I (hacia el exterior)

A (lugar)

1 (de un edificio, lugar) exit

[ S ] salida exit

dimos mil vueltas buscando la salida we went round and round looking for the way out o the exit

todas las salidas de Bilbao all the roads out of Bilbao

Bolivia no tiene salida al mar Bolivia has no access to the sea

es una calle sin salida it's a dead end

callejón

2 (de una tubería) outlet, outflow; (de un circuito) outlet

3 ( Inf) tb

salida del sistema logoff, logout

Compuestos:

● salida de artistas

(en un teatro) stage door; (en una sala de conciertos) artists' entrance

● salida de emergencia/incendios

emergency/fire exit

B

1

(acción): me lo encontré a la salida I met him on the way out, I met him as I was leaving

quedamos en encontrarnos a la salida del concierto we arranged to meet at the end of o after the concert

acelera a la salida de la curva accelerate (as you come) out of the curve

el gobierno les ha negado la salida del país the government has refused to allow them to leave the country

impedir la salida de divisas to prevent currency being taken out of o leaving the country

estaban esperando la salida de la novia they were waiting for the bride to appear

la salida del primer toro the entry of the first bull

2

(como distracción): es su primera salida desde que la operaron it's the first time she's been out since her operation

una salida a la ópera an evening at the opera

una salida al campo an outing o a trip to the country

3 (de un líquido, gas) output; (de un circuito) output

4

la salida del sol sunrise

Compuesto:

salida de baño

(para la playa) beach robe; (para la casa) bathrobe

Sentido II (partida)

A (de un tren, avión) departure

LANSA anuncia la salida del vuelo 503 LANSA announces the departure of flight 503

el tren efectuará su salida por vía cinco the train will leave from track five

[ S ] salidas nacionales/internacionales domestic/international departures

B ( Dep) (en una carrera) start

dan la salida con un disparo a gun is fired to start the race o to signal the start

Compuestos:

● salida en falso

false start

● salida nula

false start

Sentido III

A

1

(solución): no le veo ninguna salida a esta situación I can see no way out of this situation

hay que buscar una salida a la crisis económica a solution must be found to the economic crisis

vamos a tener que aceptar, no nos queda otra salida we're going to have to accept, we have no option

2

(posibilidades): la informática, hoy en día, tiene muchas salidas nowadays there are many openings o job opportunities in computing

esta prenda no tiene mucha salida this garment doesn't sell very well

B ( Com, Fin) (gasto) payment

entradas y salidas income and expenditure, receipts and outgoings ( BrE)

C

(ocurrencia): este chico tiene cada salida … this child comes out with the funniest things …

fue una salida que nos hizo reír mucho his remark o comment had us all in stitches

Compuesto:

salida de tono

fue una salida de tono it was totally out of place, it was a totally inappropriate thing to say/do

* * *

salida sustantivo femenino ( hacia el exterior)
1
a) (lugar, puerta) exit;

◊ salida de emergencia/incendios emergency/fire exit;

todas las salidas de Bilbao all the roads out of Bilbao;
es una calle sin salida it's a dead end
b) ( de tubería) outlet, outflow;

( de circuito) outlet
2
a) ( acción):

◊ me lo encontré a la salida I met him on my way out;

nos encontramos a la salida del concierto we met at the door after the concert;
una salida al campo an outing o a trip to the country
b) (de líquido, gas, electricidad) output

c)

◊ la salida del sol sunrise

( partida)
1 (de tren, avión) departure;
◊ el tren efectuará su salida por la vía cinco the train will leave from track five;

( on signs) salidas nacionales/internacionales domestic/international departures
2 (Dep) ( en una carrera) start
1 ( solución):
◊ no le veo ninguna salida a esta situación I can see no way out of this situation;

no nos queda otra salida we have no other option
2 (Com, Fin) ( gasto) payment
salido,-a adjetivo
1 (saliente, prominente) projecting
(frente, pómulos, etc) prominent
(ojos) bulging
familiar sticky-out
2 fam pey (cachondo) horny, randy
salida sustantivo femenino
1 (lugar por donde se sale) exit, way out: nos pasamos diez minutos buscando la salida, we spent ten minutes looking for the way out
este carril tiene salida a la autopista, this lane leads onto the motorway
callejón sin salida, dead end
(de una tubería, desagüe) outlet, outflow
Inform output
2 (acción de salir) leaving
a la salida del trabajo, on leaving work
(de un tren, un avión) departure
(del Sol, de la Luna, etc) rising
salida del sol, sunrise
(viaje corto, excursión) trip
una salida al campo, an outing to the country
3 Dep start
dar la salida, to give the signal to start
línea de salida, starting line
4 (solución) option, solution: este problema no tiene salida, there's no solution to this problem
5 Lab prospect: la filosofía no tiene muchas salidas, there aren't many job opportunities in philosophy
6 (cese de una actividad) el próximo año se producirá mi salida del cargo, I'll be leaving the post next year
7 fig (agudeza, ocurrencia) witty remark
8 (comentario inapropiado) salida de tono, inappropriate remark
9 (puesta en venta, lanzamiento de un producto) la salida del nuevo periódico se producirá el lunes, the new newspaper will be launched onto the market next Monday
10 Fin (gasto) hemos tenido demasiadas salidas en concepto de compra de materiales, purchase of materials has led to an unacceptable increase in spending
' salida' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acaso
- callejón
- dirigir
- efectuar
- emergencia
- empujar
- escape
- escorrentía
- expectante
- fichar
- forzuda
- forzudo
- panel
- prever
- punto
- retardar
- taponar
- bloquear
- cortada
- desvío
- escapatoria
- excursión
- lateral
- línea
- obstruir
- partida
- retrasar
- tapar
- ver
English:
blind alley
- checkout
- clock off
- clock out
- crowd
- cul-de-sac
- dead end
- departure
- exit
- false start
- fight
- fire exit
- hasty
- off
- out
- outlet
- output
- rise
- rising
- sailing
- seal off
- stampede
- start
- starter
- starting block
- starting line
- starting post
- starting price
- sunrise
- sunup
- takeoff
- turn off
- way
- wisecrack
- block
- catch
- curtain
- dead
- emergency
- false
- flotation
- flying
- land
- mark
- quip
- ramp
- release
- rush
- stand
- starting

* * *

salida nf

1. [partida, marcha] departure;

tenían prevista la salida al amanecer they intended to leave at dawn;

el tren con destino a Santiago va a efectuar su salida por la vía 4 the Santiago train is about to depart from platform 4;

salidas nacionales/internacionales [en aeropuerto] national/international departures

2. [lugar para salir] [de edificio, recinto] exit, way out;
[de red de cables, cañerías] outlet;
gira en la próxima salida turn off at the next exit;

la región no tiene salida al mar the region has no outlet to the sea;

salida 20 [en autopista] junction 20;

¿dónde está la salida? where's the way out?;

salida [en letrero] exit, way out;

esta calle no tiene salida this road's a dead end;

todas las salidas de Caracas estaban colapsadas traffic was at a standstill on all the roads leading out of Caracas;

dar salida a [sentimientos] to vent, to let out;
[ideas] to find an outlet for
Comp
salida de emergencia emergency exit;
salida de humos air vent;

salida de incendios fire exit

3. [en deportes, carreras] start;

dar la salida a una carrera to start a race

Comp
salida nula false start
4. [viaje] trip;

una salida al extranjero a trip abroad;

hicimos una salida al campo de un día we went out for the day to the country, we went on an outing to the country for a day

5. [aparición] [de revista, nuevo modelo, producto] appearance;

a la salida del sol at sunrise;

su salida a escena fue recibida con aplausos her entry on stage was greeted with applause, she was applauded as she came on stage;

esta llave regula la salida del agua this Br tap o US faucet controls the flow of water

Comp
Fin salida a bolsa [de empresa] flotation
6. [momento]
quedamos a la salida del trabajo we agreed to meet after work;

te espero a la salida del cine I'll meet you after the movie

7. [solución] way out;

es preciso encontrar una salida al problema/a esta situación we need to find a way round the problem/a way out of this situation;

si no hay otra salida if there's no alternative

8. [ocurrencia] witty remark;
[pretexto] excuse;
tener salidas to be witty;

desde luego tiene cada salida… she certainly comes out with some witty remarks

Comp
salida de tono out-of-place remark
9. Com [producción] output;
[posibilidades] market;
dar salida a [producto] to find an outlet for;

este producto tiene mucha salida [posibilidades de venta] there's a big market for this product;
[se vende] this product sells well;
este producto no tiene salida [posibilidades de venta] there's no market for this product;
[no se vende] this product doesn't sell
10.
salidas [en contabilidad] outgoings

11. Informát output

12. Dep [partido fuera de casa] away game

13.
salidas [posibilidades laborales] openings, opportunities;

carreras con salidas university courses with good job prospects

14. Am [ropa] salida de baño bathrobe;

salida de playa beach robe

SALIDA AL MAR

The War of the Pacific, fought victoriously by Chile against Peru and Bolivia (1879-1883), was to have a huge influence on the later development of all three countries. The major incentive for turning a territorial dispute into a war was the rich deposits of nitrates (then a vital raw material for the production of fertilizers and explosives) in the Atacama Desert. By acquiring the Atacama, Chile also deprived Bolivia of its only access to the sea at the port of Antofagasta, with inevitably damaging consequences for the future economic and commercial development of the country. Bolivia's desire for a salida al mar (“outlet to the sea”) led it to seek alternative access to the Atlantic, and this was partly behind the outbreak of the horrific Chaco War with Paraguay (1932-1935), though the interest of foreign oil companies in possible oil deposits in the Chaco region was at least as important a factor. Today, Bolivia has adopted the peaceful road of negotiations with Chile to resolve the problem.

* * *

salida

f

1 de edificio, zoo etc exit, way out; de autopista exit

2 TRANSP departure

3 DEP de carrera start;

tomar la salida start;

dar la salida give the starting signal o the off

4 COM

:

tiene salida there’s a market for it;

salida a bolsa flotation

5 fig

opportunity, opening;

salida profesional career opportunity

* * *

salida nf

1) : exit

salida de emergencia: emergency exit

2) : leaving, departure

3) solución: way out, solution

4) : start (of a race)

5) ocurrencia: wisecrack, joke

6)

salida del sol : sunrise

* * *

salida n

1. (puerta) exit / way out

la salida de emergencia the emergency exit

2. (acción de salir) way out

nos encontramos a la salida we met on the way out

3. (acción de irse) departure

anunciaron la salida del tren they announced the departure of the train

4. (en una carrera) start

los atletas estaban en la línea de salida the athletes were on the start line

5. (excursión) outing

hace dos meses que no hacemos una salida we haven't been on an outing for two months

6. (viaje) trip

una salida al extranjero a trip abroad

7. (solución) solution

una salida a mi problema a solution to my problem

salida del sol sunrise

Spanish-English dictionary > salida
20 Ortsgespräch

Ortsgespräch n KOMM local call
* * *

n < Komm> local call

* * *
Ortsgespräch
(telecom.) local call;
• Ortsgespräche (telecom.) local traffic;
• Ortsgrößenklasse town size group;
• Ortsgruppe local branch;
• Ortskartell (Gewerkschaft) local trade council (Br.), city federation (US);
• Ortskennzahl (telecom.) preselection number, prefix;
• Ortsklassen[lohn]ausgleich intercity wage differential;
• Ortsklassenunterschied intercity wage difference;
• Ortskrankenkasse sickness benefit fund;
• Ortsname name of a place;
• Orts netz local network;
• Ortsplanungsgebiet development area (Br.);
• Ortspolizei[behörde] local police;
• Ortsrecht local law;
• Ortsregister local record;
• Ortssatzung municipal ordinance (US);
• Ortssendungen (Post) local mail;
• Ortsspediteur local shipper;
• Ortsstatut local statute (act, local by(e)-law, Br.), (Baupolizei) zoning law (act), municipal charter (ordinance), building by(e)-law, local housing law;
• Ortstarif local rates, (Bahn) way rates (US);
• Ortsteilnehmer (telecom.) local subscriber;
• Ortstelegramm local telegram.

Business german-english dictionary > Ortsgespräch

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development rates

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